“Three Zones of Livestock’s House”: as a form of livestock health management system for actualizing food security of animal origin products in Indonesia

~Food Security~

Chairani Ridha Maghfira – Bogor Agricultural University

The world food needs are increasing as population growth. The existence of this population growth will lead to many problems including food insecurity. In Indonesia, the food problems cannot be avoided. It is often referred as an agricultural country which most of the population are farmers. However, there are still many shortages that hit Indonesian, in line with population growth. Increasingly high population growth and quality of life are addressing the needs of the food then become a major concern. One food product that requires special attention is the fulfillment of  the consumption of food products of animal origin, such as meat, milk and eggs which accounted for the quite high protein requirement. Increased productivity of foods of animal origin can be done in various ways, among which may be applicable is the effort to maintain the health and welfare of livestock to achieve optimal livestock products.

Food security, according to the FAO definition 1997 was a situation in all households both physical and economic access to acquire food for the entire family, where households are not at risk of losing both the access. By definition it can be concluded that food security has five elements that must be met, there are oriented to households and individuals, the dimensions of time every time food is available and accessible, emphasis on food access of households and individuals, whether physical, economic and social, oriented to meet nutrition, and intended for healthy and productive life. The strategy used in the concept of food security is to increase food availability, food access, and food absorption. The main achievements of this concept are including improved nutritional status (decrease hunger, malnutrition and malnutrition). The expected results are the healthy and productive society (high life expectancy) to the concept of resilience prioritizes access to each individual to obtain nutritious food for healthy and productive. As it well known, both national and global, abundant food supply exceeds the food needs of the population does not guarantee that the entire population is free from hunger and malnutrition.

An aspect of food security consists of four which are availability, access, food absorption, and stability of food. While the outcome of the nutritional status of food security. Availability of access to and absorption of food is an aspect that must be fulfilled in their entirety. One such aspect is not met, then the State cannot be said to have food security is pretty good. Although enough food is available in the national and regional level, but if the access of individuals to meet their food is uneven, it said food security is still fragile.

Food of animal origin has the potential hazards of biological, chemical and / or physical that can interfere with human health. According to WHO (2005), approximately 75% of disease - new diseases affecting humans in the past two decades is due to the pathogens originating from animals or products of animal origin. Every country needs an effective food safety program to protect the health of the nation in order to maintain the stability of a country. According to the Codex Alimentarius (FAO / WHO 1997), food security is defined as the assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when prepared or consumed in accordance with the purpose of its use. Consumer protection and the prevention of disease are two important elements in a food safety program, and a responsibility between the government, the food industry, and consumers.

One area of farms in Indonesia, which accounts for the highest productivity figures to meet the needs of food products of animal origin, is the poultry business, either broilers or laying hens. Strategic effort to maintain the achievement of the most out of the cattle business is the implementation of good animal health management and discipline of the farmers in running Standard Operational Procedure (SOP). Crucial points biosecurity in poultry breeding still sometimes overlooked, yet enforcement of SOPs (Standard Operating Procedure) significantly on the value of production performance. It takes more effort and determination to apply this simple concept of Biosecurity for the achievement of a truly optimal.

Biosecurity is a concept of health management practices to prevent disease, avoid the entry of contaminants into the environment of livestock disease, or prevent the disease from the territory of cattle spread out. This concept is applied in order to minimize possible losses of farmers due to the presence of the disease are susceptible to attack livestock population. As described by the WHO (2008), biosecurity consists of two essential elements, namely bio-containment and bio-exclusion. Bio-containment is the prevention of the arrival of the virus-infected, whereas bio-exclusion is to keep the existing virus does not come out or spread. In Indonesia, the biosecurity is related to health management in poultry farms. In fact, the implementation of Biosecurity is not solely for poultry farming, but comprehensive coverage of nearly every form of livestock. However, it is important to know, poultry tend to have a higher risk of loss due to his stress level is higher. The achievement is expected from the application of biosecurity is reduced potential for disease in a population of livestock so that livestock products such as meat, milk, or eggs can be achieved with optimal.

A literature informed about biosecurity and the impact on increasing livestock productivity. The literature described related assistance program "simple-effective biosecurity and vaccination right" of FAO (World Agency for Food and Agriculture), which has been underway for approximately three years. The location of this work includes 6 layer farms in Solo, with population coverage of about 200 thousand heads. The results of these programs, biosecurity practices and vaccination programs that run proved to have a positive impact on controlling the incidence of diseases and boost the productivity of chickens at once.

Biosecurity approach that is simple and inexpensive but effective already applied the FAO team in layer farms. The program approaches in the two important points, namely the system of three zones and special attention to washing egg tray (egg crates) or an egg crate. In a system of three zones, the farm is divided over the red, yellow and green, which aims to regulate what is allowed and what is not to be located in each zone. The traffic of goods and living beings from one zone to the next zone are controlled by certain procedures. Therefore, the purpose of which was to keep poultry biosecurity untouched by the outside world that is full of germs can be met. The term is known as a system “Three Zones of Livestock’s House”.

The green zone is at the heart of the farm that is home to a live chicken. This area is described as an operating room. Then only an important and necessary is allowed to exist in the area, and traffic demand as an operating room procedure. To be able to enter the operating room, whether physicians, patients and other officers shall scrub and cleanse them and allowed only sterile equipment in it. This must be done because it is assumed the entire outside world is full of germs. This analogy applies to the green zone of farms, only DOC (chicks) or pullet (pullet), feed, water, specialized workers, as well as essential equipment such as vaccines, drugs, disinfectants that may exist in the cage. The rest was just going to be a risk to livestock, including clothing, mobile phones, cigarettes, shoes, other animals and vehicles as unimportant objects undue into the cage. The bottom line is visitors a threat most common and most serious for hens in cages, as the description at the beginning of writing. The use of special footwear in the green zone is absolute and that device is only intended in the green zone, should not be out. Likewise with Egg tray or egg crate that has come to the market are not allowed in the green zone.

Then the yellow zone or commonly called a transition area between the green zone (net) to the red zone (gross). Access to enter the yellow zone is restricted to vehicles that are important such as feed trucks, DOC or eggs. People are only allowed in this zone after a shower and change clothes, as well as using special footwear yellow zone. This zone is a storage location egg tray / crate that were clean.

Last is the red zone, free zone, a zone or area that is outside the breeding farm site. The area is very difficult to control because of Biosecurity measures for dealing with parties outside the ranch.

The positive impact of the implementation of Biosecurity or three-zone system Livestock house for scale livestock husbandry is the creation of optimal productivity with guaranteed quality safety. In addition to the achievement of food security is also the fulfillment of safety of food products from cattle. food safety is one of the key requirements to maintain security in the country. Food safety, quality, nutritious, and are available pretty is something that must be met in an attempt implementation of a food system that provides protection for the interests of health and in the end is to increase the prosperity and welfare of the general public.

References:

FAO/WHO. 1997. Food Hygiene Basic Texts. FAO and WHO, Rome.

WHO. 2005. Zoonoses and veterinary public health. http://www.who.int [18 Mei 2016].

WHO. 2008. Biosecurity. http://www.who.int [18 Mei 2016].